※ DYRK family introduction

    DYRK (Dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase) belong to CMGC family. Homology within the kinase domain can further classify this family into three subfamilies: DYRK kinases, homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (HIPKs), and pre-mRNA processing protein 4 kinases (PRP4s). Ten members have been found in human genome. DYRKs are characterized as dual-specificity protein kinases for their ability to mediate the phosphorylation of serine, threonine and tyrosine residues; however, the tyrosine phosphorylation activity is restricted to autophosphorylation. DYRKs play an important role and act as pleiotropic regulators in a variety of cellular functions, including cell survival, cell differentiation, gene transcription and endocytosis. Mutation or abnormal expressions always associate with diseases. Truncation mutants of DYRK1A result in clinical phenotypes, including microcephaly, intrauterine growth retardation, and developmental delay. Overexpression of DYRK1B has been reported in solid tumors, including colon and lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas, and experimental data suggest that increased amounts of DYRK1B favor tumor development (1).

Reference
1. Aranda, S., Laguna, A. and de la Luna, S. (2011) DYRK family of protein kinases: evolutionary relationships, biochemical properties, and functional roles. FASEB J, 25, 449-462. PMID: 21048044

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No.	Status	EKPD ID	Gene ID	Gene Name
1		EKS-TAR-00338	ENSTRUG00000006772	DYRK2
2		EKS-TAR-00341	ENSTRUG00000006869	DYRK1A
3		EKS-TAR-00345	ENSTRUG00000001835	HIPK3 (2 of 2)
4		EKS-TAR-00349	ENSTRUG00000001923	HIPK4 (2 of 6)
5		EKS-TAR-00347	ENSTRUG00000001609	DYRK4
6		EKS-TAR-00353	ENSTRUG00000005920	HIPK4 (6 of 6)
7		EKS-TAR-00354	ENSTRUG00000015321	HIPK4 (4 of 6)
8		EKS-TAR-00343	ENSTRUG00000004746	HIPK1 (1 of 2)
9		EKS-TAR-00351	ENSTRUG00000000104	HIPK4 (1 of 6)
10		EKS-TAR-00352	ENSTRUG00000004079	HIPK4 (5 of 6)
11		EKS-TAR-00346	ENSTRUG00000004241	HIPK3 (1 of 2); HIPK3
12		EKS-TAR-00344	ENSTRUG00000010772	HIPK1 (2 of 2)
13		EKS-TAR-00339	ENSTRUG00000003468	DYRK3
14		EKS-TAR-00342	ENSTRUG00000003911	DYRK1B
15		EKS-TAR-00350	ENSTRUG00000010535	HIPK4 (3 of 6)
16		EKS-TAR-00340	ENSTRUG00000008330	HIPK2
17		EKS-TAR-00348	ENSTRUG00000008327	PRPF4B